Literature and Composition Reading Writing Thinking Chapter 1 Quizlet
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�Literature & Composition Reading � Writing � Thinking Teacher�S MANUAL Ballad Jago Santa Monica High School, California ...�
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Literature & Composition
Reading � Writing � Thinking
TEACHER�S Manual
Ballad Jago
Santa Monica High School, California
Rene H. Shea
Bowie Land University, Maryland
Lawrence Scanlon
Brewster Loftier Schoolhouse, New York
Robin Dissin Aufses
Lyce Franais de New York
Lance Balla
Bellevue High School, Washington
Shirley Counsil
Spanish River High School, Florida Mary-Grace Gannon Xavier High School, New York Ellen Greenblatt The Bay School, California Minaz Jooma Millburn Senior High School, New Jersey Skip Nicholson South Pasadena High School, California Alison Scanlon Somers High School, New York BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN�S Boston � New York JAG_17267_00_FM_ppi-xvi.qxd 12/30/10 two:00 PM Folio iv Copyright � 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin�s All rights reserved.
Instructors who have adopted Literature & Composition: Reading � Writing � Thinking equally a textbook for a class are authorized to indistinguishable portions of this manual for their students.
Manufactured in the U.s.a. of America.
For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin�southward, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN: 978�0�312�61726�4 JAG_17267_00_FM_ppi-sixteen.qxd 12/30/10 2:00 PM Folio v
CONTENTS
Introduction 1 Part 1 Using Literature & Composition 3 Chapter 1 Thinking most Literature iii Activeness (pp. 2�iv)
Worried that you lot don�t know inside and out all the literature you lot are near to assign to your AP students?
Nervous about educational activity poems you lot haven�t read since college? Doubtful that you lot can make classic literature come live for gimmicky readers?
Chapter 5 is the first thematic chapter in the book, and it would probably be a good place to start the twelvemonth. Since it focuses on the fairly familiar and universal themes of abode and family unit, it is a good way to get students used to analyzing literature before you tackle more than
Abstract
topics like �identity� or �tradition.� The terms home and family unit carry deeply personal associations for individual students besides as broader cultural associations, and the texts in this affiliate challenge students to consider the ongoing legacy of parents or parental figures, siblings, extended family, and family traditions. Ultimately these texts explore what family looks similar, the struggles that parents face when raising their children, the attempts of children to shake the weight of their past, and what information technology means to be in a place chosen home.
Chapter v, however, starts off with what but might exist the most difficult text in the book � �The Dead,� past James Joyce (p. 162). Unless yous have an unusually advanced grade, it is probably not a good place to start. The chapter offers some great opportunities to build up to Joyce gradually.
Tillie Olsen�s �I Stand Hither Ironing� (p. 265) offers students a chance to expect closely at interior monologue and the way it reveals the emotional response that lies beneath the exterior. To those at the party in �The Expressionless,� Gabriel is the master orator, eagerly playing his role. Underneath this outside, nonetheless, is an entirely different story. Similarly, the mother�due south interior monologue in Olsen�s story reveals her insecurities, regrets, and desire to sympathise whether she could have done things differently for her girl. Anne Bradstreet�s �Earlier the Birth of One of Her Children� (p. 298) begins with a line reminiscent of the sentiment that Gabriel expresses at the end of �The Dead,� offering an opportunity to consider the idea of an ever-fading world in a narrower context. William Wordsworth�southward �We Are Seven� (p. 299) can be used to introduce the idea of the influence that remains after someone has faded out of this globe. The intellectual intensity of William Butler Yeats�s �A Prayer for My Daughter� (p. 302) makes it a skillful text on which students tin practise close reading earlier they brainstorm working with �The Dead.� Once students accept worked with these texts, they volition exist amend able to approach Joyce�s work. It would be a expert thought to begin slowly with �The Dead.� Equally with Joseph Conrad�due south Centre of Darkness (p. 369), the brevity tin exist misleading. Consider modeling close reading with the first few pages before asking students to read the unabridged story;
y'all may find that the extra solar day you take to do this will pay off quite considerably by the time students reach the stop of the slice.
A number of accessible works in this unit can be helpful every bit inroads to the bug other works will explore in more than particular. Linda Pastan�s verse form �Marks� (p. 315) has firsthand entreatment to students, both for its parallel to public teaching and for its sharp, humorous tone. Students will undoubtedly bring their individual perspectives to a piece like Jacob Lawrence�due south �A Family� (p. 329), which will resemble the experiences of some while conflicting with those of others. A await at Li-Young Lee�s poem �The Hammock� (p. 319) invites students to consider the generational �unknowns� that make upwardly our experiences with parents and children, and how our lives fit between them. Olsen�s short story �I Stand Hither Ironing� and Langston Hughes�due south poem �Mother to Son� (p. 305) will give students a new perspective to consider: that of a mother preoccupied with thoughts of her child�southward development.
Because mothers are the get-go connections to family, many texts grapple with the mother-child relationship, something with which students will undoubtedly be familiar in i form or another. The mother in Anne Bradstreet�s verse form �Before the Birth of I of Her Children� wishes to be reassured that her child volition be protected from harm, even if she is not there to provide security. As babies grow into children, maternal concerns become gender specific; this effect volition resonate with students, who themselves are being mothered in diverse means. The speaker in Sharon Olds�southward �Rite of Passage� (p. 313) is concerned well-nigh her son�southward well-beingness, particularly every bit he negotiates a tense discussion with other boys that threatens to result in disharmonize. This lighthearted verse form however carries greater implications about homo�s tendency to violence, and how allies and enemies are formed.
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The typical mother-daughter relationship is more often than not fraught with passion, both positive and negative, as the girl in question grows into womanhood. The paired poems �The Pomegranate� past Eavan Boland (p. 323) and �The Chophouse Styx� by Rita Dove (p. 326) provide an opportunity to explore the circuitous and fascinating dynamic between mothers and their daughters, particularly as these daughters commence on their own young adulthood. �Saving Sourdi� by May-lee Chai (p. 281) shows the states a girl who assumes what she believes to be the office of protector over her older sister, convinced that her mother does non know what her girl needs. In this case, students can reflect on times when they take assumed the role of caregiver over a family member or friend.
�The Moths� past Helena Mara Viramontes (p. 272) also features a precocious immature girl, who eventually discovers family and spirituality while taking intendance of her dying grandmother. Students, both male and female person, may be able to chronicle to the ideas presented in these texts of both existence mothered and mothering.
Fathers, of class, are besides cornerstones in the germination and maintenance of home and family. As the opening quote of the chapter indicates, information technology is the families who have bug that are frequently the most interesting, and many of the interesting families in this chapter revolve around fathers and their children. August Wilson�s Fences (p. 195), a play that leans heavily on sports every bit a metaphor for life, provides students with a moving and tragic exploration of the ways in which fathers � in this case the complicated and towering father Troy Maxson � can both inspire and impair the journey of a child toward adulthood. Merely as the female parent-daughter relationship can be turbulent, the father-son human relationship tin explode during a son�s boyhood, something to which both Troy�s younger son, Cory, and some students volition show. The speaker in �My Papa�s Flit� by Theodore Roethke (p. 307) is ambiguous in his recollection of an encounter with his father, either embracing a fond memory or lamenting a past that scarred him, something that students will need to make up one's mind for themselves. The speaker in Robert Hayden�s �Those Winter Sundays� (p. 308) is unambiguously beholden of the fires his begetter used to build on cold wintertime mornings, giving students an opportunity to reflect on what father figures contribute to a family unit structure that no other member tin can quite replace. Finally, Sylvia Plath leaves no doubt of the power a begetter has to irrevocably harm a kid in her devastating verse form �Daddy� (p. 310), while F. Scott Fitzgerald�s �Babylon Revisited� (p. 250) traces the steps of a begetter badly trying to undo the damage he knows he caused his daughter during a time in his life he wishes he could revisit and change. It�s true that some of the texts in this chapter paint a generally unflattering film of fatherhood; students volition need to make up one's mind for themselves how these pieces reflect a modern understanding of fatherhood, and how they exercise not.
Although the focus of home and family is drawn tightly on parents and children, it is not entirely limited to this scope. The enduring influence of those who take passed is central to Joyce�s intensely drawn prototype of family and tradition in Ireland at the turn of the last century. In �The Expressionless,� Joyce explores how those who have died keep to shape how those who are left behind sympathise their earth and their own inevitable stop. Similarly, Viramontes�s �The Moths� depicts a girl who amend understands her place in her family afterward spending fourth dimension with her dying grandmother.
Ben Jonson�due south �On My Starting time Son� (p. 297) laments the expiry of a child whose loss teaches the speaker to understand hope differently, while Wordsworth�s evocative �Nosotros Are Seven� finds the speaker unable to convince a small girl that her dead siblings are any less present than when they were still alive. These pieces provide students with the opportunity to aggrandize their field of view beyond their immediate families, and to consider how the lives of those who came before have afflicted who and where they are today.
The Chat begins with us seated effectually the table, picking up not merely on the Jacob Lawrence painting (p. 329) but on the ideas running throughout the chapter as a whole. Laura Esquivel�southward wonderfully imaginative �January: Christmas Rolls� (p. 339), in which smells transport characters through the recesses of memory, is a piece that will encourage students to embrace the fine line betwixt nutrient and metaphor and betwixt who we are in the present and how our past lives on in our daily understanding of life. Finally, Geeta Kothari�due south �If Y'all Are What Yous Eat, Then What Am I?� (p. 351) examines how food is more than sustenance, in that it transmits civilization and shapes how we empathize our world.
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SUGGESTED APPROACHES
Before Reading Historical Context Considering this short story is an exploration of Dublin life during Joyce�s time (1882�1941), it is helpful for students to accept some knowledge of the historical context of Republic of ireland. Consider dividing your class into modest research groups, each with a dissimilar focus. Some of the possible areas of research include popular culture in Republic of ireland; religious disharmonize betwixt Protestants and Catholics; details from Joyce�s evolution as a writer; traditional foods of Ireland; political conflicts within Republic of ireland; the relationship betwixt Ireland and England; and Joyce�south struggles in getting Dubliners published. These need non be exhaustive research reports by whatsoever means, simply they should be structured in a way that each group can share its findings in a brusk class presentation.
Once yous accept led students through the think-aloud, have them consider how it has prepared them to better understand Gabriel�s tears in paragraph 450. Ask them whether they believe that Gabriel�s epiphany will pb to significant changes in his beliefs, and have them give their reasoning behind their conclusion. You may want students to engage in freewriting or a class word.
Exam of the Public Life Joyce asserted that �The Expressionless� is an exam of the failures of the public life. The public life includes the social, religious, cultural, and political systems that in many ways govern the manner in which people bear. In �The Expressionless,� Joyce uses the Feast of the Epiphany every bit a style to comment on each of these systems, either direct through the conversations the characters have or indirectly through Gabriel�due south thoughts. Divide students into groups, and assign each grouping the task of going through the text and finding quotes that address one of these systems. Exist prepared for some overlap due to the complex nature of each of these systems. After students have gathered their quotes, ask them to use their evidence to construct what they believe to be Joyce�s commentary near the arrangement. In other words, what exactly is Joyce property up to scrutiny nearly each organization, and what assertions does he make? Are the criticisms of the systems he is commenting on too relevant in mod America?
Questions for Discussion ane. �The Dead� opens with �Lily, the caretaker�s daughter,� taking the guests� coats. She is the first character with whom Gabriel interacts, and Gabriel is rattled by their chat. Reread JAG_17267_06_ch05_pp0039-0130.qxd 12/30/10 2:eleven PM Page 43
the story�south beginning few pages, looking carefully at the way Joyce describes Lily�s role in the Morkan household. Why do you call up she answers Gabriel so sharply? Why do y'all retrieve Gabriel gives her coin? Why is Gabriel �discomposed by the daughter�due south biting and sudden retort� (para. 29)?
Lily�s sharp response to Gabriel comes afterwards he makes an assumption near her life plans, which also reveals what he perceives every bit her limited possibilities. Her answer indicates both her frustration with men and her ability to confront her situation without whatsoever illusions. From the moment he encounters Lily, whose very name evokes the idea of funerals, Gabriel is appropriately cordial, allowing her to help him off with his overcoat in the pantry, and then smiling to himself when he notices how she pronounces his last proper noun with �three syllables� (para. 12). Both her accent and her duties indicate her social standing.
Gabriel�due south effort to brand small talk with Lily every bit he gets out of his winter garments leads him first to inquire virtually her studies, and when she tells him she is �washed schooling� (para. sixteen), Gabriel�due south immediate response is to presume that she must then be in the process of finding someone to ally. Lily quickly replies that men are �only all palaver and what they can exit of yous� (para. 19) with a vehemence that surprises Gabriel. Gabriel�s cheeks colour, and he feels as if he has �made a mistake� (para. 20), indicating that he recognizes he is taking part in a conversation from a different life perspective than Lily. While she is conspicuously capable, she is now at a point in her life when she could be preparing for marriage and maternity, no longer �nursing a rag doll� (para. 12), as she had equally a child. However, both Gabriel and Lily recognize in this cursory substitution that her social station limits her possibilities and does not afford her the adventure to be courted by men who could provide the kind of life in which she would not take to exist �run off her feet� on the Feast of the Epiphany (para. one). In his discomfort Gabriel hands her a coin, a gesture that he believes acknowledges her financial demand while masquerading as Christmas largess. He and then walks �rapidly towards the door� (para. 24), both to ensure that she keeps the coin, something that could exist viewed equally a small penance paid to the working form, and to get away from his own discomfort.
This brief exchange illustrates the significance of social class in Ireland at the fourth dimension, and touches on the hurting of express life prospects � issues Joyce continues to accost throughout the story.
two. The Morkan sisters� party takes place on the Feast of the Epiphany, celebrated on Jan six and commemorating the visit of the Magi, or Three Kings, to the baby Jesus. Although the banquet day has different interpretations and is historic in dissimilar ways, all churches concord that it commemorates the manifestation of Christ to the earth. Why might Joyce take chosen this detail feast day on which to set up �The Dead�?
In setting the story on this day, Joyce is able to examine Gabriel�s personal epiphany � that i should deed boldly in the face of one�s mortality � backgrounded against a country that is bars by its traditions, unwilling or unable to adapt to the changes the modern globe requires. In the Christian tradition, Christ�s manifestation in the world signifies a power over death. In some ways the characters in this story demand to overcome the kind of expiry associated with living lives that are mired in the past, unable to break out of tradition. Come across question 14 in Questions on Style and Construction for a detailed analysis of Gabriel�south personal epiphany. The juxtaposition of Gabriel�south epiphany with the Epiphany of Christ works on a number of levels. Ironically, his epiphany implies that cultural traditions � such as the Epiphany party he attended � are dead or dying, and that the footling roles he plays in offering commemorative speeches at events like these or helping his aunts to go along this tradition alive are trivial in the face of mortality and pale in the comparing of real, robust emotional connections. Gabriel�s epiphany also seems to be a mod, secular version of the Christian Epiphany. As the Magi saw the savior of the world made manifest to them, Gabriel has a realization of what is basically a mail service-religious meaning of life.
3. Who do yous think the dead are in �The Dead�?
Students volition tend toward the literal in their responses to this question, and at that place are a number of people who take died that play an important role in this story. Y'all may want to claiming them to think not simply about the people who accept died merely also about how deadness equally an abstraction is addressed.
The expressionless are those who have passed, merely they are besides �thoughts of the past, of youth, of changes� (para. 253) that recur in people�s minds. Certainly, people who accept died are in attendance along with the living on this festive dark. Although many of them take long passed, their memories and stories make full the thoughts of those at the party. Even the proper noun of the cardinal character is an innuendo to the biblical Gabriel, the angel responsible for blowing the horn that initiates the cease of time. Joyce enumerates JAG_17267_06_ch05_pp0039-0130.qxd 12/30/10 2:11 PM Page 44
Part 1: Using Literature & Composition
many people who have died or will dice in the story. Gabriel remembers his deceased mother (para. 99), Mr. Browne discusses deceased tenors (para. 213), Gretta remembers the death of Michael Furey (para. 432), and Gabriel considers that his aunt will soon dice (para. 448).
However, it is nigh important to remember about the dead on a more abstract plane; once again, information technology would be fruitful to look at question xiv in the Questions on Style and Construction section, which treats Gabriel�s revelation in some particular, because the interpretation of the story as a whole hinges on this moment.
Broadly speaking, the expressionless tin can refer both to Irish cultural traditions � such equally the Epiphany party that occupies most of the story � and to the sense of mortality that Gabriel achieves by the end of the story.
Gabriel�due south realization that traditions both are literally dying and tin be personally slow, and that ane must accept a bold stand up in the face of i�southward bloodshed, makes �The Dead� a fitting title for the story.
four. What are some of the ways in which Gabriel is different from the other political party guests? Why is he hesitant to quote Robert Browning in his speech (para. 29)?
Although he is ever ceremonious and polite to others, Gabriel holds himself in higher esteem than he does about of the other guests, because he is aware that he is more educated than they are. The starting time indication of this comes soon after his initial substitution with Lily, in which he inadvertently causes her some insult by reminding her of the limits of her social station. As shortly every bit he finds a way to become away from Lily, he begins to worry about his upcoming spoken language. In particular, he fears that the lines he intends to quote from Browning might exist �above the heads of his hearers.� Even the audio of the �indelicate clacking of the men�southward heels� at the political party remind Gabriel that �their grade of civilisation differed from his.� He clearly sees himself every bit intellectually superior to those in attendance, and fears �airing his superior education� (para. 29).
The only person he considers his intellectual equal is Miss Ivors, with whom he attended university, who teases Gabriel about being a Westward Briton. This mild political teasing bothers Gabriel enough that he wants to make a comment about literature existence above politics, but he stops himself for fearfulness of sounding grandiose. This commutation with Miss Ivors frustrates Gabriel and forces him to recognize a fleck of his own airs. He attempts to get back at her through his speech past including a comment about the �hypereducated generation,� a clear dig. He is satisfied with his decision to include the line, and dismisses the fact that he was including it in the portion of the spoken communication meant to praise his aunts by terminal that they are �only 2 ignorant sometime women� (para. 155), which is particularly harsh linguistic communication.
During the time leading upwards to dinner, Gabriel is more concerned with his speech than he is in interacting with the other guests. He does not fully enter into the various conversations, and when the dinner is ready, he grandstands as the male parent effigy to the entire assembly, making a big production of etching the goose and albeit to the reader that he �liked nada better than to find himself at the caput of a well-laden table� (para. 197). He employs false modesty when he begins his speech communication, referring to his �poor powers equally a speaker� (para. 243). When he does give his carefully worded speech, he seems sure that it is a success, equally the guests applaud heartily. Gabriel is at in one case aware of the role he plays in this yearly drama as the one who must evangelize the summative oral communication of the evening. At the same fourth dimension he sees himself as perhaps the but one worthy of such a position, non believing the others intelligent or perceptive enough to acquit it off well.
5. A wait at a map and a review of the historical antagonism between Ireland and England might help you empathize what Miss Ivors means when she accuses Gabriel of being a W Briton (para. 111). What evidence does the story provide that makes her allegation both somewhat truthful and particularly insulting?
Miss Ivors proves to be a person who can force Gabriel to face some of his own prejudices against his dwelling house country of Republic of ireland, which had a long and conflicted human relationship with England. The abuses that Ireland suffered over the years at the hands of its British neighbors have historically been a very sensitive and sore field of study for the Irish gaelic. The proximity of these 2 countries led to abiding political struggles, which keep to some extent into the twenty-commencement century. Accusing Gabriel of being a W Briton means, at to the lowest degree on one level, allying him squarely with a quondam foe. Although Gabriel is Irish, and he does mention his respect for the Irish tradition of hospitality in his speech, he as well seems in some ways to view himself every bit a citizen of Great Great britain showtime and Irish second. Miss Ivors get-go calls him out for not revealing his identity as a weekly book reviewer in the British newspaper the Daily Express, JAG_17267_06_ch05_pp0039-0130.qxd 12/xxx/x 2:11 PM Page 45
Affiliate 5: Domicile and Family
which Miss Ivors uses as a gently mocking accusation that Gabriel is a Due west Briton. The fact that he conceals his identity when writing for a British paper seems doubtable to Miss Ivors, and she delights in teasing him about it. She presses him to confront his Irish roots, reminding him that Gretta is from Connacht, to which Gabriel curtly replies that it is Gretta�s family that is from Connacht, not Gretta (para. 117). He seems to fifty-fifty wish to distance his wife from her Irish roots. His vacation plans involve trips to �France or Kingdom of belgium or perhaps Frg� (para. 123) rather than to parts of Ireland like the Aran Isles, even though Gretta would �love to meet Galway once more� (para. 149). He also asserts that Irish is not his language, and finally claims that he is �sick of [his] own land� (para. 130). When Miss Ivors asks him why, he is unable to come upwardly with a response. He seems unwilling to share his reasons behind his current attitude toward Republic of ireland, and Miss Ivors seems to understand that this political conversation with a human who won�t honestly confront his own prejudices volition get nowhere. Interestingly, Joyce too struggled with his Irish identity. An expatriate who spent much of his time outside of his native Ireland, Joyce both admired his native home and chastised it for some of its political and religious stances. Like Joyce, Gabriel certainly admires parts of his native land, simply he wishes to exist counted as a citizen of Uk equally a whole.
half-dozen. In paragraphs 207�24, the party guests discuss the local music scene, past and present. In a way, information technology is a discussion of loftier culture versus popular culture. What do the guests� opinions on music reveal about them? What might Joyce accept thought virtually the disharmonize between high and popular civilisation?
In discussing their artistic preferences related to opera, the guests reveal a tendency to idealize the past and a desire to separate the high civilisation of classic opera from current opera, which has non nevertheless been embraced past purists. Information technology likewise raises the issue of how art tin be evaluated. The conversation reflects the want on the function of those involved, with the notable exception of Freddy Malins, to associate themselves with what they consider the highest standards of indelible art, and their subsequent need to create a standard against which nothing can perchance compare. Initially the conversation is about the current opera visitor performing at the Theatre Royal. Mr. D�Arcy praises a fellow member of the company, who is summarily dismissed by Miss Furlong as having a �vulgar manner of production� (para. 207), connoting a base quality unacceptable in the world of high fine art. Mary Jane later moves the chat abroad from the current visitor performing at the Theatre Royal and steers it back to �the legitimate opera� (para. 213).
Freddy Malins, the only person in the conversation who actually saw the company perform, mentions �a negro chieftain... who had one of the finest tenor voices he had ever heard� (para. 207). Mr. Browne is dismissive in his response to Freddy, who then queries the group about their reason for not admiring the singer existence considering he is �only a black� (para. 212). Nobody responds to his question, which surfaces their own racist attitudes. Mr. Browne then begins to idealize a by in which an Italian tenor had 5 encores, �introducing a high C every time� � a feat that is no doubt an exaggeration of the reality, which so begins to establish an incommunicable past standard confronting which no current singer could be compared.
He even describes the virtually unlikely and overblown description of people acting as horses pulling the carriage of �some bang-up prima donna� (para. 213). Mr. D�Arcy, no doubt a flake defensive of his own abilities every bit a electric current tenor, raises the point that in his opinion, in that location are still bang-up opera singers.
The conversation primarily casts the past as a fourth dimension when �at that place was something like singing to be heard in Dublin� (para. 213), contrasted with a present that struggles to maintain the glory of old opera.
While Mr. Browne and Mr. D�Arcy exchange their opinions about well-known singers from the past and present, Aunt Kate reflects on a relatively forgotten tenor who simply had �the purest tenor voice that was ever put into a homo�s throat� (para. 221). Her comments are made without any qualification or back up from skillful opinion. Her frank assessment ultimately raises the question of how loftier art and popular art tin can be measured. Does Mr. Browne�s idealized past of the opera return Mr. D�Arcy�s estimation of electric current singers impossible to evaluate? Is Aunt Kate�s honest and unfiltered response to a tenor that no one remembers as valuable as any adept opinion? The students volition come upwardly with a multifariousness of answers regarding Joyce�s stance. However, it is difficult to argue that he would come downward solidly on the side of a blowhard such as Mr. Browne, who is supposedly a traditionalist when it comes to opera.
Conversely, it is clear that Joyce admires excellence and does not wish to manipulate with past standards completely. In whatsoever case, the discussion of the value of popular fiction and that of classics like this short story will no dubiety engage your students� opinions of the relative value of fine art and entertainment.
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seven. Gabriel watches his married woman at the top of the stairs: �In that location was grace and mystery in her attitude as if she were a symbol of something. He asked himself what is a woman standing on the stairs in the shadow, listening to afar music, a symbol of� (para. 314). Try to reply Gabriel�s question.
This is a difficult question because Joyce is far from explicit here, and students may find evidence for a diversity of interpretations. The strongest responses volition focus on the specific details in the quote. Gretta is on the stairs, suggesting the possibility that she is in an elevated position, out of the achieve of those who even so live. She is in shadow, mysteriously obscured yet still familiar. The afar music calls from a place that lies across this world, beckoning her and drawing her farther away with each note. From the vantage indicate of having completed the story, we know what Gabriel does not � that his wife is entertaining the memory that will precipitate his epiphany. (Meet question 14 in Questions on Manner and Structure for a detailed give-and-take of the epiphany.) Given this, one very plausible estimation is that she stands for the sort of attitude that one ought to accept toward the world: that given the fact of mortality, things only really take value if they are the sorts of things we�d be willing to die for. Gretta is remembering that a boy once died for her, and Gabriel will afterwards come to run into his concerns equally lilliputian and egotistical in the face up of mortality. But at this indicate in the story, he is yet captivated in the party; that his married woman is considering mortality is likely to seem detached from day-to-day concerns, equally is the full general attitude she symbolizes here. To see one�due south life and evaluate i�due south deportment from the perspective of decease is well symbolized by an elevated figure listening to something difficult to hear.
eight. Do Gabriel and Gretta seem mismatched? Consider how she interacts with his family, whether he is defensive about her background, and how he responds to finding out that she has a history that she had non previously shared with him. Do you think she should have told him? Explicate why �Generous tears filled Gabriel�s eyes� (para. 450). Will Gretta�s revelation modify her and Gabriel�southward relationship?
On the surface, Gabriel and Gretta seem to be well matched. Their beliefs at the party suggests a couple used to proper interaction at social engagements, and their few exchanges do not signal any deep strife. However, at the finish of the story, pregnant details emerge that suggest their human relationship was civil and proper merely lacked the kind of passion that the seventeen-year-onetime Michael Furey held for Gretta, and Gabriel may only be a poor substitute for Michael�s memory.
When Gretta and Gabriel arrive at the party, he immediately offers a humorous remark virtually the fact that his married woman �takes 3 mortal hours to dress herself� (para. five), an indication that he and Gretta engage in this kind of harmless banter. He likewise reveals his protective side when explaining that he and Gretta would not be taking a cab back to Monkstown at the end of the night because he does not want her to catch a common cold, as she had the year before. He also comments on her potent will, claiming �she�d walk domicile in the snow if she were let� (para. 36). Gretta remarks on Gabriel�s tendency to be overprotective, lightheartedly challenge that if he had his way, he would �buy [her]... a diving suit� (para. 40) to protect her from the rain. These lighthearted exchanges bespeak that Gabriel is perchance overly protective but that Gretta is able to discover the humor in his paternal ways.
As the evening progresses, Gabriel focuses primarily on his speech, reserving his most lively commutation for Miss Ivors, who suggests he and Gretta have a trip to the Aran Isles in the coming summer. Gretta is excited past the idea, merely Gabriel�s response is to coldly propose she get by herself. This elicits one of the open displays of resentment from Gretta, who turns to Mrs. Malins and says, �There�s a nice husband for you� (para. 152). These small exchanges do not indicate a couple who is terribly mismatched, but they do suggest that in that location is some altitude betwixt the proper, overly serious Gabriel and the more playful and adventuresome Gretta. When walking home from the political party, the more significant issues begin to unfold. As Gabriel and Gretta walk though the snow-covered streets with Mr. D�Arcy, Gabriel is seized past a sudden passion for Gretta. He wishes to �catch her past the shoulders and say something foolish and affectionate into her ear� (para. 352), and �a wave of... tender joy escaped from his heart� (para. 355). This credible passion seems sudden and out of grapheme for Gabriel. Information technology is at this moment of passion and excitement that he reveals a darker evaluation of their relationship, wishing he could �make her forget the years of their dull existence together and recollect only their moments of ecstasy� (para. 355). Rather than being joyful and filled with excitement, the years that Gabriel and Gretta take spent together appear to have been tiresome, punctuated by brief, fleeting moments of happiness.
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9. What is your impression of Dublin lodge from this story? Discuss what �The Dead� reveals about course, religion, and gender in early twentieth-century Dublin.
The Dublin society revealed in �The Dead� is one that reflects a land that is holding on to onetime ideas of class, religion, and gender, even as it tries to be seen every bit a state that can continue to develop and thrive in the modern earth, even embracing new ideas from �the continent.� Joyce was fond of the tradition of �genuine warm-hearted courteous Irish gaelic hospitality� (para. 248), and the story�due south central character reflects this old Ireland in a number of ways, equally he plays his function during the festivities of the evening. Gabriel is mindful of the content of his speech, non wishing to go in a higher place the heads of those in omnipresence. He knows that his aunts rely on him to manage Freddy Malins, who will probable testify upward at the political party a bit inebriated. He takes role in the traditional dance, fifty-fifty though he does not seem to relish the task. When the fourth dimension for dinner comes, he stoically carves the goose, refusing to consume until all accept been properly served and albeit he �liked null better than to find himself at the caput of a wellladen table� (para. 197). When the time comes for his speech, he delivers it with an apparent humility, declaring that Ireland �has no tradition which does information technology so much honor and which it should guard so jealously as that of its hospitality� (para. 248). These words are 18-carat, and fifty-fifty though according to the well-traveled Gabriel some countries consider it a failing, he considers it �a princely failing� that should exist cultivated. Those at the party indulge in the compensation of the evening gratefully, making sure that proper admiration and thanks are given to the three hostesses, who sit and radiate in the warm of the evening. This is Ireland at its best and its about generous.
Nonetheless, there are also those present who practise not take part in the festivities but who must wait on anybody else, such equally the caretaker, Lily, who is from a dissimilar grade. Lily�s options seem few, and everything � including her slightly unlike emphasis � sets her apart from the guests at the party. Only it is not only the working course that is set autonomously from the guests; even amidst the guests there seems to be some grade differentiation. For example, Gabriel is quick to remind Miss Ivors that it is Gretta�s �people� (para. 117) who come from the less cosmopolitan Connacht, non Gretta herself. He however winces when he thinks of his mother�due south comment that Gretta was �state cute,� a description meant to bespeak that Gretta was a bit beneath Gabriel�s station, every bit he had �taken his degree in the Royal University� (para.
99). On the one paw Gabriel is intent on establishing Gretta�s social credentials, while on the other he continues to be rankled by the idea that his mother never truly embraced Gretta as his social equal.
Freddy Malins is someone who seems to not be concerned with the rigid class distinctions.
Although he comes from the same class as the other guests, he manages to operate slightly outside of them because of his trend to drink a bit heavily. In his office as an outsider, Freddy is able to challenge the apparent racism of Mr. D�Arcy and Mr. Browne, who seem ready to dismiss a vocaliser considering he is not white. Freddy also is the most sincere in his praise for Aunt Julia after she sings �Arrayed for the Bridal,� while others at the political party seem to be merely heaping disingenuous praise.
In addition to the class result beingness raised, politics play a subtle role. The exchange between Miss Ivors and Gabriel involving his authorship of a weekly editorial for a British newspaper is playful in some ways, but information technology carries a serious undertone. Ivors is clearly more interested in Irish traditions and politics than Gabriel is. She demonstrates this past speaking Gaelic, vacationing in the Aran Isles, challenging Gabriel to learn more than near his own people, and taking part in the traditional dancing. Her reference to Gabriel as a Westward Briton is a direct claiming to his Irish beginnings, and he is bothered by the implication.
Ivors in some ways represents the more nationalistic side of Irish politics, someone who Gabriel wishes to dismiss as part of a generation that is �new and very serious and hypereducated� (para. 155).
Organized religion, long a sore and difficult subject in Republic of ireland, also briefly comes up when Aunt Kate works herself into a passion discussing the Pope�s recent decision �to plow out the women out of the [church] JAG_17267_06_ch05_pp0039-0130.qxd 12/xxx/10 2:11 PM Page 48
Part i: Using Literature & Composition
choirs� (para. 170), a conversation that is quickly cutting off by Mary Jane, who reproves Aunt Kate for �giving scandal to Mr. Browne who [was] of the other persuasion� (para. 172). The conversation turns to other matters, leaving the impression that religion is all the same a subject too difficult to manage in polite company.
The issue of gender also is addressed in the story, as the women and men are clearly aware of their corresponding roles. The women cook, serve, and perform, while the men drink, discuss current events, and manage the significant tasks, such as giving speeches and etching the goose squarely at the caput of the tabular array. The three hostesses illustrate the limitations of their station, working with music pupils from �improve-class families� (para. ii) and taking virtually of their pleasance from hosting this annual trip the light fantastic, �gossiping and laughing and fussing� (para. one) all the while.
10. Joyce said that he added �The Expressionless� to Dubliners to provide uplift to a collection that many found dreary. Yet its title hardly suggests uplift. What was your emotional response to �The Dead�? In what means might it be uplifting?
This is a question that will no uncertainty bring a variety of responses, considering that information technology asks students to focus on their emotional response to this complex story. I of the challenges is that the story is very subtle, and much of the emotional strength comes in the final few pages, when Gabriel reevaluates his life with Gretta and the ultimate fate of anybody. To open this question, you might ask students to consider some of the more than poignant lines, such as when Gabriel contends that it is better to �pass boldly into that other world, in the full glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally with age� (para.
449), or when he realizes that he never experienced the fierce feeling that Michael Furey had for Gretta, �just he knew that such a feeling must be love� (para. 450), or when he considers his ain mortality and that his �own identity was fading out into a grayness impalpable world� (para. 450). Students� evaluations will largely hinge on their reading of the concluding few paragraphs of the story and whether they consider Gabriel�due south epiphany to be hopeful or bleak. (Run into question 14 in Questions on Fashion and Structure.) In any case, many of the party scenes add together uplift and levity to the collection.
11. Joyce said that one of the purposes of �The Dead� was to reproduce Dublin�s �ingenuous insularity and its hospitality.� Discuss what he might accept meant by �ingenuous insularity� and whether you lot think the phrase is positive or negative. Discover examples in the story that illustrate Dublin�south insularity and hospitality.
Information technology is no coincidence that Joyce linked Ireland�due south �ingenuous insularity� with its �hospitality,� and the intricately described banquet at the centre of the evening illustrates this connection. The feast has many different elements that need to come together in social club to be successful, and those elements accept been honed and practiced for many years, leaving those who are not a part of it on the outside looking in.
Every person at the party arrives knowing exactly what to wait and what role he or she will be playing. This trip the light fantastic toe has been an annual event for �years and years� (para. two), indicating the traditional nature of the gathering. When the dancing begins, everyone falls into line and participates. After prefeasting activities accept come to an end, anybody gravitates toward the table for the meal. Gabriel, the man who is expected to carve the goose, is momentarily distracted by his conversation with Miss Ivors and is a scrap late in joining the other guests. Even this small filibuster is enough to send Aunt Kate into a frantic state, and she goes to find Gabriel, �almost wringing her hands in despair� (para. 193). When he does show up, he is prepare for his function in the k operation, and he begins carving the goose with great fanfare. The description of the meal non only details the bounty of the nutrient but also conveys another kind of trip the light fantastic, with people passing food and pouring drinks and otherwise fully engaging in the glorious dinner (paras. 196�202). The food and drink is carefully laid out, including �3 squads of bottles of stout and ale and minerals drawn up according to the colours of their uniforms� (para. 196).
The regimentation suggested by this description seems necessary for such an elaborate affair to actually be carried off. Clearly this is a tradition that is utterly Irish gaelic, from the dances to the music to the food, and Joyce�s careful and flattering description indicates that at least in relation to the feast, he views Ireland�s insularity as a positive quality. At the same time, this regimented social structure is stifling � as Gabriel�s eventual shame shows when he sees himself as �a ludicrous figure, acting as a pennyboy for his aunts, a nervous well-significant sentimentalist, orating to vulgarians and idealising his own clownish lusts, the pitiable fatuous fellow he had caught a glimpse of in the mirror� (para. 426).
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Chapter 5: Habitation and Family
12. What role do music and trip the light fantastic play in �The Dead�? Consider their importance in both the ways the characters relate to one another and the context of Irish history and civilisation.
Music and dance are at the eye of this commemoration, every bit the characters sing traditional songs and motility to Irish gaelic dance steps. The music and dance bring anybody together � the familiar cultural markers momentarily unifying those in attendance regardless of historic period or political persuasion. There is a sense that no matter what is going on, save for the dinner itself, music is in the background. Aunt Kate thank you Miss Daly for her �beautiful flit� (para. 60) as she expresses her relief that Gabriel will be tending to Freddy, indicating that music is playing even as the characters engage in conversation. When a �redfaced young woman� (para. 73), no incertitude affluent from dancing, bursts in to the room where Mr. Browne is engaging his �charges� (para. 66), she announces that quadrilles will presently begin, and Aunt Kate hurriedly begins to set up the dancing teams. When lancers, a prepare of five quadrilles, are arranged, Gabriel finds himself partnered with Miss Ivors, who is adamant to engage him in a chat he is not prepared to take. He attempts to �cover his agitation by taking part in the trip the light fantastic toe with dandy energy� (para. 136). As the evening progresses, Aunt Julia sings �Arrayed for the Conjugal� for the assembled guests, and all applaud loudly at her functioning. After dinner, the topic turns to the current state of opera in Republic of ireland, something that is of great interest to many in the room. After Gabriel�s speech, the guests suspension into song as a tribute to their three hostesses, and the song is �renewed time after time� (para. 265) long into the night. Dance and music make full the evening, backgrounding all discussion and activity, providing a cultural touchstone for all who are gathered, and unifying the scene. Even so music in the story as well draws to the fore the decline of Irish culture (run across Discussion question half-dozen) and serves as a catalyst for Gabriel�southward epiphany, in which he achieves distance from Irish culture and tradition (run into question seven in Questions for Give-and-take).
thirteen. Do you lot recall Joyce judges the characters in �The Dead�? Explain why or why not.
Students volition have a variety of opinions regarding whether or non Joyce judges the characters, and the breadth of the question allows them to conclude that he judges some while sparing others. The key for whatsoever response is how finer the student brings specific details to back up a particular determination.
For example, a case could be made that Miss Ivors escapes Joyce�s judgment. She is sharp, well educated, and deeply connected to Irish civilization. She challenges Gabriel in a fashion that no other character can, acting every bit a foil to his tendency to engage in empty rhetoric. The chat leaves him flustered and upset, and causes him to add together a line to his oral communication most hypereducated youth, believing that will sting her in some way. All of this suggests that Joyce may be using Miss Ivors to brand a larger political indicate, one that applauds the desire to enliven Irish politics and brand Ireland more distinct from England by asserting its cultural and intellectual heritage. There is also a adventure that a student may wish to hash out whether or not Joyce judges the characters as an aggregate. In this case, the educatee would want to start provide specific evidence that all of the guests correspond the Irish gaelic public, and and then discuss whether Joyce is applauding their current country or instead wishes to gauge them. This would exist a fairly big brush with which to paint the story and may not fairly allow for the complexity it offers. In light of Gabriel�due south epiphany, students should consider which characters �pass boldly into that other earth, in the total glory of some passion� and which �fade and wither dismally with age� (para. 449).
Besides, whether students think that Joyce judges Gabriel will depend on how they view his epiphany (see question 14 in Questions on Manner and Structure).
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Literature and Composition Reading Writing Thinking Chapter 1 Quizlet
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